Cascading image modification using multiple digital cameras incorporating image processing

ABSTRACT

This patent describes a multi effect system to provide enhanced image effects. The effects are provided by interconnecting a series of camera manipulation units, each of the camera manipulation units applying an image manipulation to an inputted image so as to produce a manipulated output image. The manipulation instructions can be provided by inputting instructions to each manipulation unit by means of detachable cards. The interconnections can include branches and loops wherein required.

CROSS REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The following Australian provisional patent applications are hereby incorporated by cross-reference. For the purposes of location and identification, US patent applications identified by their U.S. patent application serial numbers (USSN) are listed alongside the Australian applications from which the U.S. patent applications claim the right of priority.

CROSS- REFERENCED US PATENT/ AUSTRALIAN PATENT APPLICATION PROVISIONAL (CLAIMING RIGHT PATENT OF PRIORITY FROM APPLICATION AUSTRALIAN PROVISIONAL NO. APPLICATION) DOCKET NO. PO7991 09/113,060 ART01 PO8505 09/113,070 ART02 PO7988 09/113,073 ART03 PO9395 6,322,181 ART04 PO8017 09/112,747 ART06 PO8014 09/112,776 ART07 PO8025 09/112,750 ART08 PO8032 09/112,746 ART09 PO7999 09/112,743 ART10 PO7998 09/112,742 ART11 PO8031 09/112,741 ART12 PO8030 6,196,541 ART13 PO7997 6,195,150 ART15 PO7979 09/113,053 ART16 PO8015 09/112,738 ART17 PO7978 09/113,067 ART18 PO7982 09/113,063 ART19 PO7989 09/113,069 ART20 PO8019 09/112,744 ART21 PO7980 6,356,715 ART22 PO8018 09/112,777 ART24 PO7938 09/113,224 ART25 PO8016 6,366,693 ART26 PO8024 09/112,805 ART27 PO7940 09/113,072 ART28 PO7939 09/112,785 ART29 PO8501 6,137,500 ART30 PO8500 09/112,796 ART31 PO7987 09/113,071 ART32 PO8022 09/112,824 ART33 PO8497 09/113,090 ART34 PO8020 09/112,823 ART38 PO8023 09/113,222 ART39 PO8504 09/112,786 ART42 PO8000 09/113,051 ART43 PO7977 09/112,782 ART44 PO7934 09/113,056 ART45 PO7990 09/113,059 ART46 PO8499 09/113,091 ART47 PO8502 09/112,753 ART48 PO7981 6,317,192 ART50 PO7986 09/113,057 ART51 PO7983 09/113,054 ART52 PO8026 09/112,752 ART53 PO8027 09/112,759 ART54 PO8028 09/112,757 ART56 PO9394 09/112,758 ART57 PO9396 09/113,107 ART58 PO9397 6,271,931 ART59 PO9398 6,353,772 ART60 PO9399 6,106,147 ART61 PO9400 09/112,798 ART62 PO9401 6,304,291 ART63 PO9402 09/112,788 ART64 PO9403 6,305,770 ART65 PO9405 6,289,262 ART66 PP0959 6,315,200 ART68 PP1397 6,217,165 ART69 PP2370 09/112,781 DOT01 PP2371 09/113,052 DOT02 PO8003 09/112,834 Fluid01 PO8005 09/113,103 Fluid02 PO9404 09/113,101 Fluid03 PO8066 6,227,652 IJ01 PO8072 6,213,588 IJ02 PO8040 6,213,589 IJ03 PO8071 6,231,163 IJ04 PO8047 6,247,795 IJ05 PO8035 09/113,099 IJ06 PO8044 6,244,691 IJ07 PO8063 6,257,704 IJ08 PO8057 09/112,778 IJ09 PO8056 6,220,694 IJ10 PO8069 6,257,705 IJ11 PO8049 6,247,794 IJ12 PO8036 6,234,610 IJ13 PO8048 6,247,793 IJ14 PO8070 6,264,306 IJ15 PO8067 6,241,342 IJ16 PO8001 6,247,792 IJ17 PO8038 6,264,307 IJ18 PO8033 6,254,220 IJ19 PO8002 6,234,611 IJ20 PO8068 09/112,808 IJ21 PO8062 6,283,582 IJ22 PO8034 6,239,821 IJ23 PO8039 09/113,083 IJ24 PO8041 6,247,796 IJ25 PO8004 09/113,122 IJ26 PO8037 09/112,793 IJ27 PO8043 09/112,794 IJ28 PO8042 09/113,128 IJ29 PO8064 09/113,127 IJ30 PO9389 6,227,653 IJ31 PO9391 6,234,609 IJ32 PP0888 6,238,040 IJ33 PP0891 6,188,415 IJ34 PP0890 6,227,654 IJ35 PP0873 6,209,989 IJ36 PP0993 6,247,791 IJ37 PP0890 09/112,764 IJ38 PP1398 6,217,153 IJ39 PP2592 09/112,767 IJ40 PP2593 6,243,113 IJ41 PP3991 6,283,581 IJ42 PP3987 6,247,790 IJ43 PP3985 6,260,953 IJ44 PP3983 6,267,469 IJ45 PO7935 6,224,780 IJM01 PO7936 6,235,212 IJM02 PO7937 6,280,643 IJM03 PO8061 6,284,147 IJM04 PO8054 6,214,244 IJM05 PO8065 6,071,750 IJM06 PO8055 6,267,905 IJM07 PO8053 6,251,298 IJM08 PO8078 6,258,285 IJM09 PO7933 6,225,138 IJM10 PO7950 6,241,904 IJM11 PO7949 09/113,129 IJM12 PO8060 09/113,124 IJM13 PO8059 6,231,773 IJM14 PO8073 6,190,931 IJM15 PO8076 6,248,249 IJM16 PO8075 09/113,120 IJM17 PO8079 6,241,906 IJM18 PO8050 09/113,116 IJM19 PO8052 6,241,905 IJM20 PO7948 09/113,117 IJM21 PO7951 6,231,772 IJM22 PO8074 6,274,056 IJM23 PO7941 09/113,110 IJM24 PO8077 6,248,248 IJM25 PO8058 09/113,087 IJM26 PO8051 09/113,074 IJM27 PO8045 6,110,754 IJM28 PO7952 09/113,088 IJM29 PO8046 09/112,771 IJM30 PO9390 6,264,849 IJM31 PO9392 6,254,793 IJM32 PP0889 6,235,211 IJM35 PP0887 09/112,801 IJM36 PP0882 6,264,850 IJM37 PP0874 6,258,284 IJM38 PP1396 09/113,098 IJM39 PP3989 6,228,668 IJM40 PP2591 6,180,427 IJM41 PP3990 6,171,875 IJM42 PP3986 6,267,904 IJM43 PP3984 6,245,247 IJM44 PP3982 09/112,835 IJM45 PP0895 6,231,148 IR01 PP0870 09/113,106 IR02 PP0869 09/113,105 IR04 PP0887 09/113,104 IR05 PP0885 6,238,033 IR06 PP0884 09/112,766 IR10 PP0886 6,238,111 IR12 PP0871 09/113,086 IR13 PP0876 09/113,094 IR14 PP0877 09/112,760 IR16 PP0878 6,196,739 IR17 PP0879 09/112,774 IR18 PP0883 6,270,182 IR19 PP0880 6,152,619 IR20 PP0881 09/113,092 IR21 PO8006 6,087,638 MEMS02 PO8007 09/113,093 MEMS03 PO8008 09/113,062 MEMS04 PO8010 6,041,600 MEMS05 PO8011 09/113,082 MEMS06 PO7947 6,067,797 MEMS07 PO7944 09/113,080 MEMS09 PO7946 6,044,646 MEMS10 PO9393 09/113,065 MEMS11 PP0875 09/113,078 MEMS12 PP0894 09/113,075 MEMS13

STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT

Not applicable.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a data processing method and apparatus and, in particular, discloses a Multi Artcam System.

The present invention further relates to the field of image processing and to user interface mechanisms for performing image processing.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Recently, in Australia Provisional Patent Specification entitled “Image Processing Method and Apparatus (Art01)” filed concurrently by the present applicant, a system has been proposed known colloquially as “Artcam” which is a digital camera having an integral printer for printing out sensed images in addition to manipulations of the sensed image which are manipulated as a result of the insertion of a “Artcard” having manipulation instructions thereon into the camera.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

It is an object of the present invention to provide for a multi effect system to provide enhanced image effects.

In accordance with the first aspect of the present invention as provided a method of creating a manipulated image comprising interconnecting a series of camera manipulation units, each of said camera manipulation unit applying an image manipulation to an inputted image so as to produce a manipulated output image, an initial one of said camera manipulation units sensing an image from an environment and at least a final one of said camera manipulation units producing a permanent output image.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Notwithstanding any other forms which may fall within the scope of the present invention, preferred forms of the invention will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings which:

FIG. 1 illustrates the form of interconnection of the preferred embodiment.

DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED AND OTHER EMBODIMENTS

The preferred embodiment is preferable implemented through suitable programming of a hand held camera device such as that described in Australian Provisional Patent Application entitled “Image Processing Method and Apparatus (ART01)” filed concurrently herewith by the present applicant the content of which is hereby specifically incorporated by cross reference.

The aforementioned patent specification discloses a camera system, hereinafter known as an “Artcam” type camera, wherein sensed images can be directly printed out by an Artcam portable camera unit. Further, the aforementioned specification discloses means and methods for performing various manipulations on images captured by the camera sensing device leading to the production of various effects in any output image. The manipulations are disclosed to be highly flexible in nature and can be implemented through the insertion into the Artcam of cards having encoded thereon various instructions for the manipulation of images, the cards hereinafter being known as Artcards. The Artcam further has significant onboard processing power by an Artcam Central Processor unit (ACP) which is interconnected to a memory device for the storage of important data and images.

In the preferred embodiment, multiple Artcams as described in the aforementioned patent specification are interconnected via their USB ports so as to provide a cascading of imaging effects. Through suitable programming of the internal computer portions of each Artcam, a cascading of imaging effects can be achieved.

The preferred arrangement is as illustrated in FIG. 1 wherein a series of Artcams, e.g. 2, 3, 4, are interconnected 5 via their USB ports. Each Artcam 2, 3, 4 is provided with a corresponding Artcard 7, 8, 9 having a suitable image manipulation program stored thereon.

Further, the instructions for utilisation in a network environment can be provided on the Artcard 7, 8, 9. The image 10 sensed by the Artcam 2 is then manipulated by the manipulation program on Artcard 7 with the result being forwarded 5 to Artcam device 3 which applies the image manipulation function provided on Artcard 8 producing a corresponding output which is forwarded to the next Artcam in the series. The chained Artcam has been modified so as to have two USB ports for this purpose. The final Artcam 4 applies its Artcard manipulation stored on Artcard 9 for producing output 12 which is a conglomeration of each of the previous image manipulations.

The arrangement 1 on FIG. 1 thereby provides the opportunity to apply multiple effects to a single sensed image. Of course, a number of further refinements are possible. For example, each Artcam could print out its own manipulated image in addition to forwarding the image to the next Artcam in the series. Additionally, splitting of paths where one Artcam outputs to two different downstream Artcams which result in different final images being output could also be provided. Additionally, loops, etc., could be utilised.

It would be appreciated by a person skilled in the art that numerous variations and/or modifications may be made to the present invention as shown in the specific embodiment without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention as broadly described. The present embodiment is, therefore, to be considered in all respects to be illustrative and not restrictive.

Ink Jet Technologies

The embodiments of the invention use an ink jet printer type device. Of course many different devices could be used. However presently popular ink jet printing technologies are unlikely to be suitable.

The most significant problem with thermal ink jet is power consumption. This is approximately 100 times that required for high speed, and stems from the energy-inefficient means of drop ejection. This involves the rapid boiling of water to produce a vapor bubble which expels the ink. Water has a very high heat capacity, and must be superheated in thermal ink jet applications. This leads to an efficiency of around 0.02%, from electricity input to drop momentum (and increased surface area) out.

The most significant problem with piezoelectric ink jet is size and cost. Piezoelectric crystals have a very small deflection at reasonable drive voltages, and therefore require a large area for each nozzle. Also, each piezoelectric actuator must be connected to its drive circuit on a separate substrate. This is not a significant problem at the current limit of around 300 nozzles per print head, but is a major impediment to the fabrication of pagewide print heads with 19,200 nozzles.

Ideally, the ink jet technologies used meet the stringent requirements of in-camera digital color printing and other high quality, high speed, low cost printing applications. To meet the requirements of digital photography, new ink jet technologies have been created. The target features include:

low power (less than 10 Watts)

high resolution capability (1,600 dpi or more)

photographic quality output

low manufacturing cost

small size (pagewidth times minimum cross section)

high speed (<2 seconds per page).

All of these features can be met or exceeded by the ink jet systems described below with differing levels of difficulty. 45 different ink jet technologies have been developed by the Assignee to give a wide range of choices for high volume manufacture. These technologies form part of separate applications assigned to the present Assignee as set out in the table below.

The ink jet designs shown here are suitable for a wide range of digital printing systems, from battery powered one-time use digital cameras, through to desktop and network printers, and through to commercial printing systems;

For ease of manufacture using standard process equipment, the print head is designed to be a monolithic 0.5 micron CMOS chip with MEMS post processing. For color photographic applications, the print head is 100 mm long, with a width which depends upon the ink jet type. The smallest print head designed is IJ38, which is 0.35 mm wide, giving a chip area of 35 square mm. The print heads each contain 19,200 nozzles plus data and control circuitry.

Ink is supplied to the back of the print head by injection molded plastic ink channels. The molding requires 50 micron features, which can be created using a lithographically micromachined insert in a standard injection molding tool. Ink flows through holes etched through the wafer to the nozzle chambers fabricated on the front surface of the wafer. The print head is connected to the camera circuitry by tape automated bonding.

Tables of Drop-on-Demand Ink Jets

Eleven important characteristics of the fundamental operation of individual ink jet nozzles have been identified. These characteristics are largely orthogonal, and so can be elucidated as an eleven dimensional matrix. Most of the eleven axes of this matrix include entries developed by the present assignee.

The following tables form the axes of an eleven dimensional table of ink jet types.

Actuator mechanism (18 types)

Basic operation mode (7 types)

Auxiliary mechanism (8 types)

Actuator amplification or modification method (17 types)

Actuator motion (19 types)

Nozzle refill method (4 types)

Method of restricting back-flow through inlet (10 types)

Nozzle clearing method (9 types)

Nozzle plate construction (9 types)

Drop ejection direction (5 types)

Ink type (7 types)

The complete eleven dimensional table represented by these axes contains 36.9 billion possible configurations of ink jet nozzle. While not all of the possible combinations result in a viable ink jet technology, many million configurations are viable. It is clearly impractical to elucidate all of the possible configurations. Instead, certain ink jet types have been investigated in detail. These are designated IJ01 to IJ45 above.

Other ink jet configurations can readily be derived from these 45 examples by substituting alternative configurations along one or more of the 11 axes. Most of the IJ01 to IJ45 examples can be made into ink jet print heads with characteristics superior to any currently available ink jet technology.

Where there are prior art examples known to the inventor, one or more of these examples are listed in the examples column of the tables below. The IJ01 to IJ45 series are also listed in the examples column. In some cases, a printer may be listed more than once in a table, where it shares characteristics with more than one entry.

Suitable applications for the ink jet technologies include: Home printers, Office network printers, Short run digital printers, Commercial print systems, Fabric printers, Pocket printers, Internet WWW printers, Video printers, Medical imaging, Wide format printers, Notebook PC printers, Fax machines, Industrial printing systems, Photocopiers, Photographic minilabs etc.

The information associated with the aforementioned 11 dimensional matrix are set out in the following tables.

Description Advantages Disadvantages Examples ACTUATOR MECHANISM (APPLIED ONLY TO SELECTED INK DROPS) Thermal An Large force High power Canon bubble electrothermal generated Ink carrier Bubblejet heater heats Simple limited to 1979 Endo et the ink to construction water al GB patent above boiling No moving Low 2,007,162 point, parts efficiency Xerox heater- transferring Fast High in-pit 1990 significant operation temperatures Hawkins et al heat to the Small chip required USP 4,899,181 aqueous ink. A area required High Hewlett- bubble for actuator mechanical Packard TIJ nucleates and stress 1982 Vaught quickly forms, Unusual et al USP expelling the materials 4,490,728 ink. required The efficiency Large drive of the process transistors is low, with Cavitation typically less causes than 0.05% of actuator the electrical failure energy being Kogation transformed reduces into kinetic bubble energy of the formation drop. Large print heads are difficult to fabricate Piezo- A piezoelectric Low power Very large Kyser et al electric crystal such as consumption area required USP 3,946,398 lead lanthanum Many ink for actuator Zoltan USP zirconate (PZT) types can be Difficult to 3,683,212 is electrically used integrate 1973 Stemme activated, and Fast with USP 3,747,129 either expands, operation electronics Epson Stylus shears, or High High voltage Tektronix bends to apply efficiency drive IJ04 pressure to the transistors ink, ejecting required drops. Full pagewidth print heads impractical due to actuator size Requires electrical poling in high field strengths during manufacture Electro- An electric Low power Low maximum Seiko Epson, strictive field is used consumption strain Usui et all to activate Many ink (approx. JP 253401/96 electrostric- types can be 0.01%) IJ04 tion in relaxor used Large area materials such Low thermal required for as lead expansion actuator due lanthanum Electric to low strain zirconate field Response titanate (PLZT) strength speed is or lead required marginal (˜ magnesium (approx. 3.5 10 μs) niobate (PMN). V/μm) can be High voltage generated drive without transistors difficulty required Does not Full require pagewidth electrical print heads poling impractical due to actuator size Ferro- An electric Low power Difficult to IJ04 electric field is used consumption integrate to induce a Many ink with phase types can be electronics transition used Unusual between the Fast materials antiferroelectric operation such as (AFE) and (<1 μs) PLZSnT are ferroelectric Relatively required (FE) phase. high Actuators Perovskite longitudinal require a materials such strain large area as tin modified High lead lanthanum efficiency zirconate Electric titanate field (PLZSnT) strength of exhibit large around 3 V/μm strains of up can be to 1% readily associated with provided the AFE to FE phase transition. Electro- Conductive Low power Difficult to IJ02, IJ04 static plates are consumption operate plates separated by a Many ink electrostatic compressible or types can be devices in an fluid used aqueous dielectric Fast environment (usually air). operation The Upon electrostatic application of actuator will a voltage, the normally need plates attract to be each other and separated displace ink, from the ink causing drop Very large ejection. The area required conductive to achieve plates may be high forces in a comb or High voltage honeycomb drive structure, or transistors stacked to may be increase the required surface area Full and therefore pagewidth the force. print heads are not competitive due to actuator size Electro- A strong Low current High voltage 1989 Saito et static electric field consumption required al, USP pull on is applied to Low May be 4,799,068 ink the ink, temperature damaged by 1989 Miura et whereupon sparks due to al, USP electrostatic air breakdown 4,810,954 attraction Required Tone-jet accelerates the field ink towards the strength print medium. increases as the drop size decreases High voltage drive transistors required Electrostatic field attracts dust Permanent An Low power Complex IJ07, IJ10 magnet electromagnet consumption fabrication electro- directly Many ink Permanent magnetic attracts a types can be magnetic permanent used material such magnet, Fast as Neodymium displacing ink operation Iron Boron and causing High (NdFeB) drop ejection. efficiency required. Rare earth Easy High local magnets with a extension currents field strength from single required around 1 Tesla nozzles to Copper can be used. pagewidth metalization Examples are: print heads should be Samarium Cobalt used for long (SaCo) and electromigra- magnetic tion lifetime materials in and low the neodymium resistivity iron boron Pigmented family (NdFeB, inks are NdDyFeBNb, usually NdDyFeB, etc) infeasible Operating temperature limited to the Curie temperature (around 540 K) Soft A solenoid Low power Complex IJ01, IJ05, magnetic induced a consumption fabrication IJ08, IJ10, core magnetic field Many ink Materials not IJ12, IJ14, electro- in a soft types can be usually IJ15, IJ17 magnetic magnetic core used present in a or yoke Fast CMOS fab such fabricated from operation as NiFe, a ferrous High CoNiFe, or material such efficiency CoFe are as Easy required electroplated extension High local iron alloys from single currents such as CoNiFe nozzles to required [1], CoFe, or pagewidth Copper NiFe alloys. print heads metalization Typically, the should be soft magnetic used for long material is in electromigra- two parts, tion lifetime which are and low normally held resistivity apart by a Electro- spring. When plating the solenoid is is required actuated, the High two parts saturation attract, flux density displacing the is required ink. (2.0-2.1 T is achievable with CoNiFe [1]) Lorenz The Lorenz Low power Force acts as IJ06, IJ11, force force acting on consumption a twisting IJ13, IJ16 a current Many ink motion carrying wire types can be Typically, in a magnetic used only a field is Fast quarter of utilized. operation the solenoid This allows the High length magnetic field efficiency provides to be supplied Easy force in a externally to extension useful the print head, from single direction for example nozzles to High local with rare earth pagewidth currents permanent print heads required magnets. Copper Only the metalization current should be carrying wire used for long need be electromigra- fabricated on tion lifetime the print-head, and low simplifying resistivity materials Pigmented requirements. inks are usually infeasible Magneto- The actuator Many ink Force acts as Fischenbeck, striction uses the giant types can be a twisting USP 4,032,929 magnetostrictive used motion IJ25 effect of Fast Unusual materials such operation materials as Terfenol-D Easy such as (an alloy of extension Terfenol-D terbium, from single are required dysprosium and nozzles to High local iron developed pagewidth currents at the Naval print heads required Ordnance High force is Copper Laboratory, available metalization hence Ter-Fe- should be NOL) . For best used for long efficiency, the electromigra- actuator should tion lifetime be pre-stressed and low to approx. 8 resistivity MPa. Pre-stressing may be required Surface Ink under Low power Requires Silverbrook, tension positive consumption supplementary EP 0771 658 reduction pressure is Simple force to A2 and held in a construction effect drop related nozzle by No unusual separation patent surface materials Requires applications tension. The required in special ink surface tension fabrication surfactants of the ink is High Speed may be reduced below efficiency limited by the bubble Easy surfactant threshold, extension properties causing the ink from single to egress from nozzles to the nozzle. pagewidth print heads Viscosity The ink Simple Requires Silverbrook, reduction viscosity is construction supplementary EP 0771 658 locally reduced No unusual force to A2 and to select which materials effect drop related drops are to be required in separation patent ejected. A fabrication Requires applications viscosity Easy special ink reduction can extension viscosity be achieved from single properties electrothermally nozzles to High speed is with most pagewidth difficult to inks, but print heads achieve special inks Requires can be oscillating engineered for ink pressure a 100:1 A high viscosity temperature reduction. difference (typically 80 degrees) is required Acoustic An acoustic Can operate Complex drive 1993 wave is without a circuitry Hadimioglu et generated and nozzle plate Complex al, EUP focussed upon fabrication 550,192 the drop Low 1993 Elrod et ejection efficiency al, EUP region. Poor control 572,220 of drop position Poor control of drop volume Thermo- An actuator Low power Efficient IJ03, IJ09, elastic which relies consumption aqueous IJ17, IJ18, bend upon Many ink operation IJ19, IJ20, actuator differential types can be requires a IJ21, IJ22, thermal used thermal IJ23, IJ24, expansion upon Simple planar insulator on IJ27, IJ28, Joule heating fabrication the hot side IJ29, IJ30, is used. Small chip Corrosion IJ31, IJ32, area required prevention IJ33, IJ34, for each can be IJ35, IJ36, actuator difficult IJ37, IJ38, Fast Pigmented IJ39, IJ40, operation inks may be IJ41 High infeasible, efficiency as pigment CMOS particles may compatible jam the bend voltages and actuator currents Standard MEMS processes can be used Easy extension from single nozzles to pagewidth print heads High CTE A material with High force Requires IJ09, IJ17, thermo- a very high can be special IJ18, IJ20, elastic coefficient of generated material IJ21, IJ22, actuator thermal Three methods (e.g. PTFE) IJ23, IJ24, expansion (CTE) of PTFE Requires a IJ27, IJ28, such as deposition PTFE IJ29, IJ30, polytetrafluoro are under deposition IJ31, IJ42, ethylene (PTFE) development: process, IJ43, IJ44 is used. As chemical which is not high CTE vapor yet standard materials are deposition in ULSI fabs usually non- (CVD), spin PTFE conductive, a coating, and deposition heater evaporation cannot be fabricated from PTFE is a followed with a conductive candidate for high material is low temperature incorporated. A dielectric (above 350° C.) 50 μm long PTFE constant processing bend actuator insulation in Pigmented with ULSI inks may be polysilicon Very low infeasible, heater and 15 power as pigment mW power input consumption particles may can provide 180 ink jam the bend μN force Many actuator and 10 μm types can be deflection. used Actuator Simple planar motions fabrication include: Small chip Bend area required Push for each Buckle actuator Rotate Fast operation High efficiency CMOS compatible voltages and currents Easy extension from single nozzles to pagewidth print heads Conductive A polymer with High force Requires IJ24 polymer a high can be special thermo- coefficient of generated materials elastic thermal Very low development actuator expansion (such power (High CTE as PTFE) is consumption conductive doped with Many ink polymer) conducting types can be Requires a substances to used PTFE increase its Simple deposition conductivity planar process, to about fabrication which is 3 orders Small not yet of magnitude chip standard below that of area required in ULSI fabs copper. The for each PTFE conducting actuator deposition polymer expands Fast cannot be when operation followed with resistively High high heated. efficiency temperature Examples of CMOS (above 350° C.) conducting compatible processing dopants voltages and Evaporation include: currents and CVD Carbon Easy deposition nanotubes extension techniques Metal fibers from single cannot be Conductive nozzles to used polymers pagewidth Pigmented such print heads inks as doped may be polythiophene infeasible, Carbon granules as pigment particles may jam the bend actuator Shape A shape memory High force is Fatigue IJ26 memory alloy such as available limits alloy TiNi (also (stresses of maximum known as hundreds of number of Nitinol - MPa) cycles Nickel Titanium Large strain Low strain alloy developed is available (1%) is at the Naval (more than required to Ordnance 3%) extend Laboratory) is High fatigue thermally corrosion resistance switched resistance Cycle rate between its Simple limited by weak construction heat martensitic Easy removal state and its extension Requires high stiffness from unusual austenic state. single materials The shape of nozzles to (TiNi) the actuator in pagewidth The latent its martensitic print heads heat of state is Low voltage transformation deformed operation must be relative to the provided austenic shape. High current The shape operation change causes Requires pre- ejection of a stressing to drop. distort the martensitic state Linear Linear magnetic Linear Requires IJ12 Magnetic actuators Magnetic unusual Actuator include the actuators can semiconductor Linear be materials Induction constructed such as soft Actuator (LIA), with high magnetic Linear thrust, long alloys (e.g. Permanent travel, and CoNiFe) Magnet high Some Synchronous efficiency varieties Actuator using planar also require (LPMSA), Linear semiconductor permanent Reluctance fabrication magnetic Synchronous techniques materials Actuator Long actuator such as (LRSA), Linear travel is Neodymium Switched available iron boron Reluctance Medium force (NdFeB) Actuator is available Requires (LSRA), and the Low voltage complex Linear Stepper operation multi-phase Actuator (LSA). drive circuitry High current operation BASIC OPERATION MODE Actuator This is the Simple Drop Thermal ink directly simplest mode operation repetition jet pushes of operation: No external rate is Piezoelectric ink the actuator fields usually ink jet directly required limited to IJ01, IJ02, supplies Satellite around 10 IJ03, IJ04, sufficient drops can be kHz. However, IJ05, IJ06, kinetic energy avoided if this is not IJ07, IJ09, to expel the drop velocity fundamental IJ11, IJ12, drop. The drop is less than to the IJ14, IJ16, must have a 4 m/s method, but IJ20, IJ22, sufficient Can be is related to IJ23, IJ24, velocity to efficient, the refill IJ25, IJ26, overcome the depending method IJ27, IJ28, surface upon the normally used IJ29, IJ30, tension. actuator used All of the IJ31, IJ32, drop kinetic IJ33, IJ34, energy must IJ35, IJ36, be provided IJ37, IJ38, by the IJ39, IJ40, actuator IJ41, IJ42, Satellite IJ43, IJ44 drops usually form if drop velocity is greater than 4.5 m/s Proximity The drops to be Very simple Requires Silverbrook, printed are print head close EP 0771 658 selected by fabrication proximity A2 and some manner can be used between the related (e.g. thermally The drop print head patent induced surface selection and the print applications tension means does media or reduction of not need to transfer pressurized provide the roller ink). Selected energy May require drops are required to two print separated from separate the heads the ink in the drop from the printing nozzle by nozzle alternate contact with rows of the the print image medium or a Monolithic transfer color print roller. heads are difficult Electro- The drops to be Very simple Requires very Silverbrook, static printed are print head high EP 0771 658 pull on selected by fabrication electrostatic A2 and ink some manner can be used field related (e.g. thermally The drop Electrostatic patent induced surface selection field for applications tension means does small nozzle Tone-Jet reduction of not need to sizes is pressurized provide the above air ink). Selected energy breakdown drops are required to Electrostatic separated from separate the field may the ink in the drop from the attract dust nozzle by a nozzle strong electric field. Magnetic The drops to be Very simple Requires Silverbrook, pull on printed are print head magnetic ink EP 0771 658 ink selected by fabrication Ink colors A2 and some manner can be used other than related (e.g. thermally The drop black are patent induced surface selection difficult applications tension means does Requires very reduction of not need to high magnetic pressurized provide the fields ink). Selected energy drops are required to separated from separate the the ink in the drop from the nozzle by a nozzle strong magnetic field acting on the magnetic ink. Shutter The actuator High speed Moving parts IJ13, IJ17, moves a shutter (>50 kHz) are required IJ21 to block ink operation can Requires ink flow to the be achieved pressure nozzle. The ink due to modulator pressure is reduced Friction and pulsed at a refill time wear must be multiple of the Drop timing considered drop ejection can be very Stiction is frequency. accurate possible The actuator energy can be very low Shuttered The actuator Actuators Moving parts IJ08, IJ15, grill moves a shutter with small are required IJ18, IJ19 to block ink travel can be Requires ink flow through a used pressure grill to the Actuators modulator nozzle. The with small Friction and shutter force can be wear must be movement need used considered only be equal High speed Stiction is to the width of (>50 kHz) possible the grill operation can holes. be achieved Pulsed A pulsed Extremely low Requires an IJ10 magnetic magnetic field energy external pull on attracts an operation is pulsed ink ‘ink pusher’ at possible magnetic pusher the drop No heat field ejection dissipation Requires frequency. An problems special actuator materials for controls a both the catch, which actuator and prevents the the ink ink pusher from pusher moving when a Complex drop is not to construction be ejected. AUXILIARY MECHANISM (APPLIED TO ALL NOZZLES) None The actuator Simplicity of Drop ejection Most ink directly fires construction energy must jets, the ink drop, Simplicity of be supplied including and there is no operation by individual piezoelectric external field Small nozzle and thermal or other physical size actuator bubble. mechanism IJ01, IJ02, required. IJ03, IJ04, IJ05, IJ07, IJ09, IJ11, IJ12, IJ14, IJ20, IJ22, IJ23, IJ24, IJ25, IJ26, IJ27, IJ28, IJ29, IJ30, IJ31, IJ32, IJ33, IJ34, IJ35, IJ36, IJ37, IJ38, IJ39, IJ40, IJ41, IJ42, IJ43, IJ44 Oscillating The ink Oscillating Requires Silverbrook, ink pressure ink pressure external ink EP 0771 658 pressure oscillates, can provide a pressure A2 and (including providing much refill pulse, oscillator related acoustic of the drop allowing Ink pressure patent stimula- ejection higher phase and applications tion energy. The operating amplitude IJ08, IJ13, actuator speed must be IJ15, IJ17, selects which The actuators carefully IJ18, IJ19, drops are to be may operate controlled IJ21 fired by with much Acoustic selectively lower energy reflections blocking or Acoustic in the ink enabling lenses can be chamber must nozzles. The used to focus be designed ink pressure the sound on for oscillation may the nozzles be achieved by vibrating the print head, or preferably by an actuator in the ink supply. Media The print head Low power Precision Silverbrook, proximity is placed in High accuracy assembly EP 0771 658 close proximity Simple print required A2 and to the print head Paper fibers related medium. construction may cause patent Selected drops problems applications protrude from Cannot print the print head on rough further than substrates unselected drops, and contact the print medium. The drop soaks into the medium fast enough to cause drop separation. Transfer Drops are High accuracy Bulky Silverbrook, roller printed to a Wide range of Expensive EP 0771 658 transfer roller print Complex A2 and instead of substrates construction related straight to the can be used patent print medium. A Ink can be applications transfer roller dried on the Tektronix hot can also be transfer melt used for roller piezoelectric proximity drop ink jet separation. Any of the IJ series Electro- An electric Low power Field Silverbrook, static field is used Simple print strength EP 0771 658 to accelerate head required for A2 and selected drops construction separation of related towards the small drops patent print medium. is near or applications above air Tone-Jet breakdown Direct A magnetic Low power Requires Silverbrook, magnetic field is used Simple print magnetic ink EP 0771 658 field to accelerate head Requires A2 and selected drops construction strong related of magnetic ink magnetic patent towards the field applications print medium. Cross The print head Does not Requires IJ06, IJ16 magnetic is placed in a require external field constant magnetic magnet magnetic field. materials to Current The Lorenz be integrated densities may force in a in the print be high, current head resulting in carrying wire manufacturing electromigra- is used to move process tion problems the actuator. Pulsed A pulsed Very low Complex print IJ10 magnetic magnetic field power head field is used to operation is construction cyclically possible Magnetic attract a Small print materials paddle, which head size required in pushes on the print head ink. A small actuator moves a catch, which selectively prevents the paddle from moving. ACTUATOR AMPLIFICATION OR MODIFICATION METHOD None No actuator Operational Many actuator Thermal mechanical simplicity mechanisms Bubble Ink amplification have jet is used. The insufficient IJ01, IJ02, actuator travel, or IJ06, IJ07, directly drives insufficient IJ16, IJ25, the drop force, to IJ26 ejection efficiently process. drive the drop ejection process Differential An actuator Provides High stresses Piezoelectric expansion material greater are involved IJ03, IJ09, bend expands more on travel in a Care must be IJ17, IJ18, actuator one side than reduced print taken that IJ19, IJ20, on the other. head area the materials IJ21, IJ22, The expansion do not IJ23, IJ24, may be thermal, delaminate IJ27, IJ29, piezoelectric, Residual bend IJ30, IJ31, magnetostrictive, resulting IJ32, IJ33, or other from high IJ34, IJ35, mechanism. The temperature IJ36, IJ37, bend actuator or high IJ38, IJ39, converts a high stress during IJ42, IJ43, force low formation IJ44 travel actuator mechanism to high travel, lower force mechanism. Transient A trilayer bend Very good High stresses IJ40, IJ41 bend actuator where temperature are involved actuator the two outside stability Care must be layers are High speed, taken that identical. This as a new drop the materials cancels bend can be fired do not due to ambient before heat delaminate temperature and dissipates residual Cancels stress. The residual actuator only stress of responds to formation transient heating of one side or the other. Reverse The actuator Better Fabrication IJ05, IJ11 spring loads a spring. coupling to complexity When the the ink High stress actuator is in the spring turned off, the spring releases. This can reverse the force/distance curve of the actuator to make it compatible with the force/time requirements of the drop ejection. Actuator A series of Increased Increased Some stack thin actuators travel fabrication piezoelectric are stacked. Reduced drive complexity ink jets This can be voltage Increased IJ04 appropriate possibility where actuators of short require high circuits due electric field to pinholes strength, such as electrostatic and piezoelectric actuators. Multiple Multiple Increases the Actuator IJ12, IJ13, actuators smaller force forces may IJ18, IJ20, actuators are available not add IJ22, IJ28, used from an linearly, IJ42, IJ43 simultaneously actuator reducing to move the Multiple efficiency ink. Each actuators can actuator need be positioned provide only a to control portion of the ink flow force required. accurately Linear A linear spring Matches low Requires IJ15 Spring is used to travel print head transform a actuator with area for the motion with higher travel spring small travel requirements and high force Non-contact into a longer method of travel, lower motion force motion. transformation Coiled A bend actuator Increases Generally IJ17, IJ21, actuator is coiled to travel restricted to IJ34, IJ35 provide greater Reduces chip planar travel in a area implementa- reduced chip Planar tions due to area. implementa- extreme tions are fabrication relatively difficulty in easy to other fabricate. orientations. Flexure A bend actuator Simple means Care must be IJ10, IJ19, bend has a small of increasing taken not to IJ33 actuator region near the travel of a exceed the fixture point, bend actuator elastic limit which flexes in the much more flexure area readily than Stress the remainder distribution of the is very actuator. The uneven actuator Difficult to flexing is accurately effectively model with converted from finite an even coiling element to an angular analysis bend, resulting in greater travel of the actuator tip. Catch The actuator Very low Complex IJ10 controls a actuator construction small catch. energy Requires The catch Very small external either enables actuator size force or disables Unsuitable movement of an for pigmented ink pusher that inks is controlled in a bulk manner. Gears Gears can be Low force, Moving parts IJ13 used to low travel are required increase travel actuators can Several at the expense be used actuator of duration. Can be cycles are Circular gears, fabricated required rack and using More complex pinion, standard drive ratchets, and surface MEMS electronics other gearing processes Complex methods can be construction used. Friction, friction, and wear are possible Buckle A buckle plate Very fast Must stay S. Hirata et plate can be used to movement within al, “An Ink- change a slow achievable elastic jet Head actuator into a limits of the Using fast motion. It materials for Diaphragm can also long device Microactuator” convert a high life Proc. IEEE force, low High stresses MEMS, Feb. travel actuator involved 1996, pp 418- into a high Generally 423. travel, medium high power IJ18, IJ27 force motion. requirement Tapered A tapered Linearizes Complex IJ14 magnetic magnetic pole the magnetic construction pole can increase force/distance travel at the curve expense of force. Lever A lever and Matches low High stress IJ32, IJ36, fulcrum is used travel around the IJ37 to transform a actuator with fulcrum motion with higher travel small travel requirements and high force Fulcrum area into a motion has no linear with longer movement, and travel and can be used lower force. for a fluid The lever can seal also reverse the direction of travel. Rotary The actuator is High Complex IJ28 impeller connected to a mechanical construction rotary advantage Unsuitable impeller. A The ratio of for pigmented small angular force to inks deflection of travel of the the actuator actuator can results in a be matched to rotation of the the nozzle impeller vanes, requirements which push the by varying ink against the number of stationary impeller vanes and out vanes of the nozzle. Acoustic A refractive or No moving Large area 1993 lens diffractive parts required Hadimioglu et (e.g. zone Only relevant al, EUP plate) acoustic for acoustic 550,192 lens is used to ink jets 1993 Elrod et concentrate al, EUP sound waves. 572,220 Sharp A sharp point Simple Difficult to Tone-jet conductive is used to construction fabricate point concentrate an using electrostatic standard VLSI field. processes for a surface ejecting ink- jet Only relevant for electrostatic ink jets ACTUATOR MOTION Volume The volume of Simple High energy Hewlett- expansion the actuator construction is typically Packard changes, in the case required to Thermal Ink pushing the ink of thermal achieve jet in all ink jet volume Canon directions. expansion. Bubblejet This leads to thermal stress, cavitation, and kogation in thermal ink jet implementations Linear, The actuator Efficient High IJ01, IJ02, normal moves in a coupling to fabrication IJ04, IJ07, to chip direction ink drops complexity IJ11, IJ14 surface normal to the ejected may be print head normal to the required to surface. The surface achieve nozzle is perpendicular typically in motion the line of movement. Parallel The actuator Suitable for Fabrication IJ12, IJ13, to chip moves parallel planar complexity IJ15, IJ33, surface to the print fabrication Friction IJ34, IJ35, head surface. Stiction IJ36 Drop ejection may still be normal to the surface Membrane An actuator The effective Fabrication 1982 Howkins push with a high area of the complexity USP 4,459,601 force but small actuator Actuator size area is used to becomes the Difficulty of push a stiff membrane area integration membrane that in a VLSI is in contact process with the ink. Rotary The actuator Rotary levers Device IJ05, IJ08, causes the may be used complexity IJ13, IJ28 rotation of to increase May have some element, travel friction at a such a grill or Small chip pivot point impeller area requirements Bend The actuator A very small Requires the 1970 Kyser et bends when change in actuator to al USP energized. This dimensions be made from 3,946,398 may be due to can be at least two 1973 Stemme differential converted to distinct USP 3,747,120 thermal a large layers, or to IJ03, IJ09, expansion, motion. have a IJ10, IJ19, piezoelectric thermal IJ23, IJ24, expansion, difference IJ25, IJ29, magnetostriction, across the IJ30, IJ31, or other actuator IJ33, IJ34, form of IJ35 relative dimensional change. Swivel The actuator Allows Inefficient IJ06 swivels around operation coupling to a central where the net the ink pivot. This linear force motion motion is on the paddle suitable where is zero there are Small chip opposite forces area applied to requirements opposite sides of the paddle, e.g. Lorenz force. Straighten The actuator is Can be used Requires IJ26, IJ32 normally bent, with shape careful and straightens memory alloys balance of when energized. where the stresses to austenic ensure that phase is the quiescent planar bend is accurate Double The actuator One actuator Difficult to IJ36, IJ37, bend bends in one can be used make the IJ38 direction when to power two drops ejected one element is nozzles. by both bend energized, and Reduced chip directions bends the other size. identical. way when Not sensitive A small another element to ambient efficiency is energized. temperature loss compared to equivalent single bend actuators. Shear Energizing the Can increase Not readily 1985 Fishbeck actuator causes the effective applicable to USP 4,584,590 a shear motion travel of other in the actuator piezoelectric actuator material. actuators mechanisms Radial The actuator Relatively High force 1970 Zoltan con- squeezes an ink easy to required USP 3,683,212 striction reservoir, fabricate Inefficient forcing ink single Difficult to from a nozzles from integrate constricted glass tubing with VLSI nozzle. macroscopic processes structures Coil/ A coiled Easy to Difficult to IJ17, IJ21, uncoil actuator fabricate as fabricate for IJ34, IJ35 uncoils or a planar VLSI non-planar coils more process devices tightly. The Small area Poor out-of- motion of the required, plane free end of the therefore low stiffness actuator ejects cost the ink. Bow The actuator Can increase Maximum IJ16, IJ18, bows (or the speed of travel is IJ27 buckles) in the travel constrained middle when Mechanically High force energized. rigid required Push- Two actuators The structure Not readily IJ18 Pull control a is pinned at suitable for shutter. One both ends, so ink jets actuator pulls has a high which the shutter, out-of-plane directly push and the other rigidity the ink pushes it. Curl A set of Good fluid Design IJ20, IJ42 inwards actuators curl flow to the complexity inwards to region behind reduce the the actuator volume of ink increases that they efficiency enclose. Curl A set of Relatively Relatively IJ43 outwards actuators curl simple large chip outwards, construction area pressurizing ink in a chamber surrounding the actuators, and expelling ink from a nozzle in the chamber. Iris Multiple vanes High High IJ22 enclose a efficiency fabrication volume of ink. Small chip complexity These area Not suitable simultaneously for pigmented rotate, inks reducing the volume between the vanes. Acoustic The actuator The actuator Large area 1993 vibration vibrates at a can be required for Hadimioglu et high frequency. physically efficient al, EUP distant from operation at 550,192 the ink useful 1993 Elrod et frequencies al, EUP Acoustic 572,220 coupling and crosstalk Complex drive circuitry Poor control of drop volume and position None In various ink No moving Various other Silverbrook, jet designs the parts tradeoffs are EP 0771 658 actuator does required to A2 and not move. eliminate related moving parts patent applications Tone-jet NOZZLE REFILL METHOD Surface This is the Fabrication Low speed Thermal ink tension normal way that simplicity Surface jet ink jets are Operational tension force piezoelectric refilled. After simplicity relatively ink jet the actuator is small IJ01-IJ07, energized, it compared to IJ10-IJ14, typically actuator IJ16, IJ20, returns rapidly force IJ22-IJ45 to its normal Long refill position. This time usually rapid return dominates the sucks in air total through the repetition nozzle opening. rate The ink surface tension at the nozzle then exerts a small force restoring the meniscus to a minimum area. This force refills the nozzle. Shuttered Ink to the High speed Requires IJ08, IJ13, oscillating nozzle chamber Low actuator common ink IJ15, IJ17, ink is provided at energy, as pressure IJ18, IJ19, pressure a pressure that the actuator oscillator IJ21 oscillates at need only May not be twice the drop open or close suitable for ejection the shutter, pigmented frequency. When instead of inks a drop is to be ejecting the ejected, the ink drop shutter is opened for 3 half cycles: drop ejection, actuator return, and refill. The shutter is then closed to prevent the nozzle chamber emptying during the next negative pressure cycle. Refill After the main High speed, Requires two IJ09 actuator actuator has as the nozzle independent ejected a drop is actively actuators per a second refilled nozzle (refill) actuator is energized. The refill actuator pushes ink into the nozzle chamber. The refill actuator returns slowly, to prevent its return from emptying the chamber again. Positive The ink is held High refill Surface spill Silverbrook, ink a slight rate, must be EP 0771 658 pressure positive therefore a prevented A2 and pressure. After high drop Highly related the ink drop is repetition hydrophobic patent ejected, the rate is print head applications nozzle chamber possible surfaces are Alternative fills quickly required for:, IJ01- as surface IJ07, IJ10- tension and ink IJ14, IJ16, pressure both IJ20, IJ22- operate to IJ45 refill the nozzle. METHOD OF RESTRICTING BACK-FLOW THROUGH INLET Long The ink inlet Design Restricts Thermal ink inlet channel to the simplicity refill rate jet channel nozzle chamber Operational May result in Piezoelectric is made long simplicity a relatively ink jet and relatively Reduces large chip IJ42, IJ43 narrow, relying crosstalk area on viscous drag Only to reduce inlet partially back-flow. effective Positive The ink is Drop Requires a Silverbrook, ink under a selection and method (such EP 0771 658 pressure positive separation as a nozzle A2 and pressure, so forces can be rim or related that in the reduced effective patent quiescent state Fast refill hydrophobizing, applications some of the ink time or both) Possible drop already to prevent operation of protrudes from flooding of the the nozzle. the ejection following: This reduces surface of IJ01-IJ07, the pressure in the print IJ09-IJ12, the nozzle head. IJ14, IJ16, chamber which IJ20, IJ22, is required to IJ23-IJ34, eject a certain IJ36-IJ41, volume of ink. IJ44 The reduction in chamber pressure results in a reduction in ink pushed out through the inlet. Baffle One or more The refill Design HP Thermal baffles are rate is not complexity Ink Jet placed in the as restricted May increase Tektronix inlet ink flow. as the long fabrication piezoelectric When the inlet method. complexity ink jet actuator is Reduces (e.g. energized, the crosstalk Tektronix hot rapid ink melt movement Piezoelectric creates eddies print heads) which restrict the flow through the inlet. The slower refill process is unrestricted, and does not result in eddies. Flexible In this method Significantly Not Canon flap recently reduces back- applicable to restricts disclosed by flow for most ink jet inlet Canon, the edge-shooter configura- expanding thermal ink tions actuator jet devices Increased (bubble) pushes fabrication on a flexible complexity flap that Inelastic restricts the deformation inlet. of polymer flap results in creep over extended use Inlet A filter is Additional Restricts IJ04, IJ12, filter located between advantage of refill rate IJ24, IJ27, the ink inlet ink May result in IJ29, IJ30 and the nozzle filtration complex chamber. The Ink filter construction filter has a may be multitude of fabricated small holes or with no slots, additional restricting ink process steps flow. The filter also removes particles which may block the nozzle. Small The ink inlet Design Restricts IJ02, IJ37, inlet channel to the simplicity refill rate IJ44 compared nozzle chamber May result in to has a a relatively nozzle substantially large chip smaller cross area section than Only that of the partially nozzle, effective resulting in easier ink egress out of the nozzle than out of the inlet. Inlet A secondary Increases Requires IJ09 shutter actuator speed of the separate controls the ink-jet print refill position of a head actuator and shutter, operation drive circuit closing off the ink inlet when the main actuator is energized The The method Back-flow Requires IJ01, IJ03, inlet is avoids the problem is careful IJ05, IJ06, located problem of eliminated design to IJ07, IJ10, behind inlet back-flow minimize the IJ11, IJ14, the ink- by arranging negative IJ16, IJ22, pushing the ink-pushing pressure IJ23, IJ25, surface surface of the behind the IJ28, IJ31, actuator paddle IJ32, IJ33, between the IJ34, IJ35, inlet and the IJ36, IJ39, nozzle. IJ40, IJ41 Part of The actuator Significant Small IJ07, IJ20, the and a wall of reductions in increase in IJ26, IJ38 actuator the ink chamber back-flow can fabrication moves to are arranged so be achieved complexity shut off that the motion Compact the of the actuator designs inlet closes off the possible inlet. Nozzle In some Ink back-flow None related Silverbrook, actuator configurations problem is to ink back- EP 0771 658 does not of ink jet, eliminated flow on A2 and result there is no actuation related in ink expansion or patent back- movement of an applications flow actuator which Valve-jet may cause ink Tone-jet back-flow through the inlet NOZZLE CLEARING METHOD Normal All of the No added May not be Most ink jet nozzle nozzles are complexity on sufficient to systems firing fired the print displace IJ01, IJ02, periodically, head dried ink IJ03, IJ04, before the ink IJ05, IJ06, has a chance to IJ07, IJ09, dry. When not IJ10, IJ11, in use the IJ12, IJ14, nozzles are IJ16, IJ20, sealed (capped) IJ22, IJ23, against air. IJ24, IJ25, The nozzle IJ26, IJ27, firing is IJ28, IJ29, usually IJ30, IJ31, performed IJ32, IJ33, during a IJ34, IJ36, special IJ37, IJ38, clearing cycle, IJ39, IJ40,, after first IJ41, IJ42, moving the IJ43, IJ44,, print head to a IJ45 cleaning station. Extra In systems Can be highly Requires Silverbrook, power to which heat the effective if higher drive EP 0771 658 ink ink, but do not the heater is voltage for A2 and heater boil it under adjacent to clearing related normal the nozzle May require patent situations, larger drive applications nozzle clearing transistors can be achieved by over- powering the heater and boiling ink at the nozzle. Rapid The actuator is Does not Effectiveness May be used succession fired in rapid require extra depends with: IJ01, of succession. In drive substantially IJ02, IJ03, actuator some circuits on upon the IJ04, IJ05, pulses configurations, the print configuration IJ06, IJ07, this may cause head of the ink IJ09, IJ10, heat build-up Can be jet nozzle IJ11, IJ14, at the nozzle readily IJ16, IJ20, which boils the controlled IJ22, IJ23, ink, clearing and initiated IJ24, IJ25, the nozzle. In by digital IJ27, IJ28, other logic IJ29, IJ30, situations, it IJ31, IJ32, may cause IJ33, IJ34, sufficient IJ36, IJ37, vibrations to IJ38, IJ39, dislodge IJ40, IJ41, clogged IJ42, IJ43, nozzles. IJ44, IJ45 Extra Where an A simple Not suitable May be used power to actuator is not solution where there with: IJ03, ink normally driven where is a hard IJ09, IJ16, pushing to the limit of applicable limit to IJ20, IJ23, actuator its motion, actuator IJ24, IJ25, nozzle clearing movement IJ27, IJ29, may be assisted IJ30, IJ31, by providing an IJ32, IJ39, enhanced drive IJ40, IJ41, signal to the IJ42, IJ43, actuator. IJ44, IJ45 Acoustic An ultrasonic A high nozzle High IJ08, IJ13, resonance wave is applied clearing implementation IJ15, IJ17, to the ink capability cost if IJ18, IJ19, chamber. This can be system does IJ21 wave is of an achieved not already appropriate May be include an amplitude and implemented acoustic frequency to at very low actuator cause cost in sufficient systems which force at the already nozzle to clear include blockages. This acoustic is easiest to actuators achieve if the ultrasonic wave is at a resonant frequency of the ink cavity. Nozzle A Can clear Accurate Silverbrook, clearing microfabricated severely mechanical EP 0771 658 plate plate is pushed clogged alignment is A2 and against the nozzles required related nozzles. The Moving parts patent plate has a are required applications post for every There is risk nozzle. A post of damage to moves through the nozzles each nozzle, Accurate displacing fabrication dried ink. is required Ink The pressure of May be Requires May be used pressure the ink is effective pressure pump with all IJ pulse temporarily where other or other series ink increased so methods pressure jets that ink cannot be actuator streams from used Expensive all of the Wasteful of nozzles. This ink may be used in conjunction with actuator energizing. Print A flexible Effective for Difficult to Many ink jet head ‘blade’ is planar print use if print systems wiper wiped across head surfaces head surface the print head Low cost is non-planar surface. The or very blade is fragile usually Requires fabricated from mechanical a flexible parts polymer, e.g. Blade can rubber or wear out in synthetic high volume elastomer. print systems Separate A separate Can be Fabrication Can be used ink heater is effective complexity with many IJ boiling provided at the where other series ink heater nozzle although nozzle jets the normal drop clearing e-ection methods mechanism does cannot be not require it. used The heaters do Can be not require implemented individual at no drive circuits, additional as many nozzles cost in some can be cleared ink jet simultaneously, configurations and no imaging is required NOZZLE PLATE CONSTRUCTION Electro- A nozzle Fabrication High Hewlett formed plate is simplicity temperatures Packard nickel separately and pressures Thermal Ink fabricated are required jet from to bond electroformed nozzle plate nickel, and Minimum bonded to the thickness print head constraints chip. Differential thermal expansion Laser Individual No masks Each hole Canon ablated or nozzle holes required must be Bubblejet drilled are ablated Can be quite individually 1988 Sercel polymer by an intense fast formed et al., SPIE, UV laser in a Some control Special Vol. 998 nozzle plate, over nozzle equipment Excimer Beam which is profile is required Applications, typically a possible Slow where pp. 76-83 polymer such Equipment there are 1993 Watanabe as polyimide required is many et al., USP or relatively thousands of 5,208,604 polysulphone low cost nozzles per print head May produce thin burrs at exit holes Silicon A separate High accuracy Two part K. Bean, IEEE micro- nozzle plate is attainable construction Transactions machined is High cost on Electron micromachined Requires Devices, Vol. from single precision ED-25, No. crystal alignment 10, 1978, pp silicon, and Nozzles may 1185-1195 bonded to the be clogged by Xerox 1990 print head adhesive Hawkins et wafer. al., USF 4,899,181 Glass Fine glass No expensive Very small 1970 Zoltan capillaries capillaries equipment nozzle sizes USP 3,683,212 are drawn required are difficult from glass Simple to to form tubing. This make single Not suited method has nozzles for mass been used for production making individual nozzles, but is difficult to use for bulk manufacturing of print heads with thousands of nozzles Monolithic, The nozzle High accuracy Requires Silverbrook, surface plate is (<1 μm) sacrificial EP 0771 658 micro- deposited as Monolithic layer under A2 and machined a layer using Low cost the nozzle related using VLSI standard VLSI Existing plate to form patent litho- deposition processes can the nozzle applications graphic techniques. be used chamber IJ01, IJ02, processes Nozzles are Surface may IJ04, IJ11, etched in the be fragile to IJ12, IJ17, nozzle plate the touch IJ18, IJ20, using VLSI IJ22, IJ24, lithography IJ27, IJ28, and etching. IJ29, IJ30, IJ31, IJ32, IJ33, IJ34, IJ36, IJ37, IJ38, IJ39, IJ40, IJ41, IJ42, IJ43, IJ44 Monolithic, The nozzle High accuracy Requires long IJ03, IJ05, etched plate is a (<1 μm) etch times IJ06, IJ07, through buried etch Monolithic Requires a IJ08, IJ09, substrate stop in the Low cost support wafer IJ10, IJ13, wafer. Nozzle No IJ14, IJ15, chambers are differential IJ16, IJ19, etched in the expansion IJ21, IJ23, front of the IJ25, IJ26 wafer, and the wafer is thinned from the back side. Nozzles are then etched in the etch stop layer. No nozzle Various No nozzles to Difficult to Ricoh 1995 plate methods have become control drop Sekiya et al been tried to clogged position USF 5,412,413 eliminate the accurately 1993 nozzles Crosstalk Hadimioglu et entirely, to problems al EUP prevent 550, 192 nozzle 1993 Elrod et clogging. al EUP These include 572, 220 thermal bubble mechanisms and acoustic lens mechanisms Trough Each drop Reduced Drop firing IJ35 ejector has a manufacturing direction is trough complexity sensitive to through which Monolithic wicking. a paddle moves. There is no nozzle plate. Nozzle slit The No nozzles to Difficult to 1989 Saito et instead of elimination become control drop al USP individual of nozzle clogged position 4,799,068 nozzles holes and accurately replacement Crosstalk by a slit problems encompassing many actuator positions reduces nozzle clogging, but increases crosstalk due to ink surface waves DROP EJECTION DIRECTION Edge Ink flow is Simple Nozzles Canon (‘edge along the construction limited to Bubblejet shooter’) surface of No silicon edge 1979 Endo et the chip, and etching High al GB patent ink drops are required resolution is 2,007,162 ejected from Good heat difficult Xerox heater- the chip sinking via Fast color in-pit 1990 edge. substrate printing Hawkins et al Mechanically requires one USP 4,899,181 strong print head Tone-jet Ease of chip per color handing Surface Ink flow is No bulk Maximum ink Hewlett- (‘roof along the silicon flow is Packard TIJ shooter’) surface of etching severely 1982 Vaught the chip, and required restricted et al USP ink drops are Silicon can 4,490,728 ejected from make an IJ02, IJ11, the chip effective IJ12, IJ20, surface, heat sink IJ22 normal to the Mechanical plane of the strength chip. Through Ink flow is High ink flow Requires bulk Silverbrook, chip, through the Suitable for silicon EP 0771 658 forward chip, and ink pagewidth etching A2 and (‘up drops are print heads related shooter’) ejected from High nozzle patent the front packing applications surface of density IJ04, IJ17, the chip. therefore low IJ18, IJ24, manufacturing IJ27-IJ45 cost Through Ink flow is High ink flow Requires IJ01, IJ03, chip, through the Suitable for wafer IJ05, IJ06, reverse chip, and ink pagewidth thinning IJ07, IJ08, (‘down drops are print heads Requires IJ09, IJ10, shooter’) ejected from High nozzle special IJ13, IJ14, the rear packing handling IJ15, IJ16, surface of density during IJ19, IJ21, the chip. therefore low manufacture IJ23, IJ25, manufacturing IJ26 cost Through Ink flow is Suitable for Pagewidth Epson Stylus actuator through the piezoelectric print heads Tektronix hot actuator, print heads require melt which is not several piezoelectric fabricated as thousand ink jets part of the connections same to drive substrate as circuits the drive Cannot be transistors. manufactured in standard CMOS fabs Complex assembly required INK TYPE Aqueous, Water based ink Environ- Slow drying Most existing dye which typically mentally Corrosive ink jets contains: friendly Bleeds on All IJ series water, dye, No odor paper ink jets surfactant, May Silverbrook, humectant, and strikethrough EP 0771 658 biocide. Cockles paper A2 and Modern ink dyes related have high patent water-fastness, applications light fastness Aqueous, Water based ink Environ- Slow drying IJ02, IJ04, pigment which typically mentally Corrosive IJ21, IJ26, contains: friendly Pigment may IJ27, IJ30 water, pigment, No odor clog nozzles Silverbrook, surfactant, Reduced bleed Pigment may EP 0771 658 humectant, and Reduced clog actuator A2 and biocide. wicking mechanisms related Pigments have Reduced Cockles paper patent an advantage in strikethrough applications reduced bleed, Piezoelectric wicking and ink-jets strikethrough. Thermal ink jets (with significant restrictions) Methyl MEK is a highly Very fast Odorous All IJ series Ethyl volatile drying Flammable ink jets Ketone solvent used Prints on (MEK) for industrial various printing on substrates difficult such as surfaces such metals and as aluminum plastics cans. Alcohol Alcohol based Fast drying Slight odor All IJ series (ethanol, inks can be Operates at Flammable ink jets 2- used where the sub-freezing butanol, printer must temperatures and operate at Reduced paper others) temperatures cockle below the Low cost freezing point of water. An example of this is in-camera consumer photographic printing. Phase The ink is No drying High Tektronix hot change solid at room time- ink viscosity melt (hot temperature, instantly Printed ink piezoelectric melt) and is melted freezes on typically has ink jets in the print the print a ‘waxy’ feel 1989 Nowak head before medium Printed pages USP 4,820,346 jetting. Hot Almost any may ‘block’ All IJ series melt inks are print medium Ink ink jets usually wax can be used temperature based, with a No paper may be above melting point cockle occurs the curie around 80° C. No wicking point of After jetting occurs permanent the ink freezes No bleed magnets almost occurs Ink heaters instantly upon No consume power contacting the strikethrough Long warmup print medium or occurs time a transfer roller. Oil Oil based inks High High All IJ series are extensively solubility viscosity: ink jets used in offset medium for this is a printing. They some dyes significant have advantages Does not limitation in improved cockle paper for use in characteristics Does not wick ink jets, on paper through paper which usually (especially no require a low wicking or viscosity. cockle). Oil Some short soluble dies chain and and pigments multi are required. branched oils have a sufficiently low viscosity. Slow drying Micro- A microemulsion Stops ink Viscosity All IJ series emulsion is a stable, bleed higher than ink jets self forming High dye water emulsion of solubility Cost is oil, water, and Water, oil, slightly surfactant. The and higher than characteristic amphiphilic water based drop size is soluble dies ink less than 100 can be used High nm, and is Can stabilize surfactant determined by pigment concentration the preferred suspensions required curvature of (around 5%) the surfactant. 

We claim:
 1. A method of creating at least one permanent output image, the method comprising the steps of: interconnecting a primary and at least one other camera manipulation unit, each of said camera manipulation units being configured to: capture real images in a digital form; and manipulate images; in the primary camera manipulation unit: capturing a real image in digital form; and manipulating the captured image to generate a manipulated image; further manipulating the manipulated image in one or more of the other interconnected camera manipulation units to produce one or more other manipulated images; and producing a permanent output image of at least one of the manipulated images using one or more of the other camera manipulation units; wherein said camera manipulation units further comprise detachable manipulation instruction media for inputting said manipulation instructions to the corresponding camera manipulation unit.
 2. A method as claimed in claim 1 wherein said detachable manipulation instruction media comprises a card.
 3. A method as claimed in claim 1 wherein on one surface of said detachable manipulation instruction media is included a visual indication of the result of the manipulation by said manipulation instructions.
 4. A method of creating at least one permanent output image, the method comprising the steps of: interconnecting a primary and at least one other camera manipulation unit, each of said camera manipulation units being configured to: capture real images in a digital form; and manipulate images; in the primary camera manipulation unit: capturing a real image in digital form; and manipulating the captured image to generate a manipulated image; further manipulating the manipulated image in one or more of the other interconnected camera manipulation units to produce one or more other manipulated images; and producing a permanent output image of at least one of the manipulated image using one or more of the camera manipulation units; wherein the output of one of said camera manipulation units is connectable to at least two other camera manipulation units. 